英语六级考试网(CET6)

      "Culture shock" occurs as result of total immersion in a new culture.It happens to "people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad."Newcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language,know the customs,or understand people's behavior in daily life.The visitor finds that "yes" may not always mean "yes",that friendliness does not necessarily mean friendship,or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes.The foreigner may be unsure as to when to shake hands,when to start conversations,or how to approach a stranger.The notion of "culture shock" helps explain feelings of bewilderment and disorientation.Language problems do not account for all the frustrations that people feel.When one is deprived of everything that was once familiar,such as understanding a transportation system, knowing how to register for university classes,or knowing how to make friends,difficulties in coping whth the new society may arise.

　　"...when an individual enters a strange culture,he or she is like fish out of water."Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to and feel alienated from the native members of the culture.When this happens visitors may want to reject everything about the new environment and may glorify and exaggerate the positive aspects of their own culture.Conversely visitors may scorn their native country by rejecting its values and instead choosing to identify with(if only temporatily)the value of the new country.This may occur as an attempt to over-identify with the new culture in order to be accepted by the people in it.

   The Colonel ask Ashenden a good many questions and then suggested that he had particular qualifications for the Secret Service. Ashenden knew several European languages and the fact that he was a writer provided excellent cover: on the pretext that he was writing a book he could, without attracting attention, visit any neutral country.

   It was while they were discussing this point that the Colonel said,"You know you might get material that would be very useful to you in your work. I'll tell you an incident that occurred only recently. Very dramatic. A foreign government minister went down to a Mediterranean resort to fecover from a cold and he had some very important documents with him that he kept in a despatchcase.

   "A day or two after he arrived, he picked up a blonde at some restaurant or other, and he got very friendly with her. He took her back to his hotel, and when he came to himself in the morning the lady and the despatch-case had disappeared. They had one or two drinks up in his room and his theory is that when his back was turned the woman slipped a drug in his glass."

    "Do you mean to say that happened the other day?"said Ashenden wearily.
    "The week before last."

    "Impossible,"cried Ashenden. "Why, we've been putting that incident on the stage for sixty years, we've written it in a thousand novels. Do you mean to say that life has only just caught up with us?"
"Well, I can vouch for the truth of the story." said the Colonel, "And believe me, the government concerned has been put to no end of trouble by the loss of the documents."

    "Well sir, if you can't do better than that in the Secret Service," sighed Ashenden, "that I'm afraid that as a source of inspiration to the writer of fiction, it's washout."

    There is evidence that the usual variety of high blood pressure is,in part,a familiar disease.Since families have similar genes as well as similar environments,familiar diseases could be due to shared genetic influences,to shared environmental factors,or to both.For some years,the role of one environmental factor commonly shared by families,namely dietary salt(i.e.,sodium chloride),has been studied at Brookhaven National Laboratory.These studies suggest that chromic excess salt ingestion can lead to high blood pressure in man and animals.Some individuals,however,and some rats consume large amounts of salt without developing high blood pressure.No matter how strictly all environmental factors were controlled in these experiments,some salt-fed animals never developed hypertension whereas a few rapidly developed very severe hypertension followed by early death.These marked variations were interpreted to result from differences in genetic constitution.

    By mating is successive generations only those animals that failed to develop hypertension from salt ingestion,a resistant strain(the "R" Strain)has been evolved in which consumption of large quantities of salt fails to influence the blood pressure significantly.In contrast,by mating only animals that quickly develop hypertension from salt,a sensitive strain("S" strain)has also been developed.

    The availability of these tow strains permits investgations not heretofore possible.They provide a plausible laboratory model on which to investigate some clinical aspects of the human prototypes of hypertension.More important,there might be the possibility of developing methods by which genetic susceptibility of human beings to high blood pressure can be defined without waiting for its appearance.Radioactive sodium 22 was an important "tool" in working out the characteristics of the sodium chloride metabolism.
  

1、比较级、最高级定位原则：

first、earliest、most、the most important reason、the chief、the simplest、many of、only、differ、especially 当短文中出现上述单词时，答案一般会在附近出现

2、转折词及因果词定位原则：

1）故事的突然转折及其原因肯定是短文的答案

2）转折及原因往往由But－so（结果）或because（原因）组合或是其他转折词：instead、unfortunately，however、yet、one，the other或是on one hand－on the other hand组合，although，nevertheless其他因果词since，the reasons is，as a result引导

3）文章中偶尔也会将某一个but省读，此时要注意自己搭建因果联系

3、数字时间定位原则：

1）如果选项中出现年代、时间、数字中的任何一种，文章中的数字时间则肯定是考点

2）如果文章中出现两个以上的数字时间，该句肯定含有答案

3）数字时间定位包括年代定位和过去现在对比定位两种形式

4）当数字时间和比较级最高级组合在一起的时候或是数字时间出现在文章开始和结束 时，答案肯定在附近

4、首末句定位原则：

1）四级听力中70％的听力答案出现在第一个句群和最后一个句群，大多数情况是原文重现，偶尔也会简单的同意解释。

2）末句句群的开始标志为数字时间、因果词、转折词或是比较级最高级词汇。

3）如果第一句之后出现yet，则以第二句转折后的内容为准。

      阅读理解除了要求正确理解事实细节的能力外，还经常需要考生根据一定上下文对某些词汇的意义进行推断、根据所读材料理解文章隐含的意义和深层次的含义、归纳文章主题思想、通过概括得出结论、综合判断作者态度等，这就要求考生具备相应的阅读理解微技能，与四级考试密切相关的一些微技能包括词汇的理解、预测、判断、归纳和推理。

　　词汇的理解

　　对于阅读中碰到的生僻词，我们首先要学会识别哪些情况下即使不了解词义也不影响对短文的理解；其次是转变对生僻词义认识上的态度，即在许多情况下不必了解该词的确切意义，尤其没有必要了解它在英汉辞典中的中文释义，而只需对该词词义的大概而笼统的理解就行。实践中，在确定了短文中哪些生僻词的词义有必要作一大概了解后，我们可以从以下两个角度来猜度词义：

　　(1) 构词知识

　　即利用单词的构词要素词根，前后缀来识记单词。

　　词根是一个单词的根本部分，代表词的基本意义；前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分，通常也有一定含义；后缀是加在词根或单词后面的部分，通常在增加词义的同时还改变词性。通过词根词缀构词的方式有多种，现简单归纳如下：

　　①前缀+词根：inter(中间)+vene→intervene(介入)

　　②词根+后缀：circl(圆)+let(小)→circlet(小环)

　　③词根+词根：tele(远)+scope(镜)→telescope(望远镜)

　　④前缀+词根+后缀：in(不)+aud(听)+ible(可)→inaudible(听不见)

　　⑤双前缀+词根：re(再)+dis(取下)+cover(盖)→rediscover(再发现)

　　⑥词根+双后缀：care(用心)+less(不)+ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地)

　　⑦前缀+双词根：tri(三)+gono(角)+metry(测量)→trigonometry(三角几何)

　　⑧双词根+后缀：biblio(书)+phil(爱)+ist(人)→bibliophilist(书籍爱好者)

　　⑨双前缀+词根+后缀：ir(不)+re(反对)+sist(站)+ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的)

　　前缀+词根+双后缀：se(离)+greg(群)+ation+ist→segregationist(种族隔离主义者)

　　双前缀+词根+双后缀：un(不)+pre(先)+ced(走)+ent+ed→unprecedented(史无前例的)

　　(2) 上下文线索

　　利用上下文线索猜测词义的方法很多，但其核心是寻找与该生僻词相关的上下文意义线索，这些线索主要可归纳为以下几种：

　　①同义定义为了便于读者理解作者本义，作者有时会对文中的生僻词或专业性较强的词直接给出定义。在下定义时，作者常使用一些信号词，如： is/are(called)，means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例：

　　Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.

　　或标点符号，如——，()等，例：

　　Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.

　　有时，作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义，例：

　　Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollowgutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.

　　Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big，complex types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates，or backboned animals.

　　②近义复述同一短文中上下毗邻的句子通常有互释作用，我们可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词相关的信息来猜度词义。例：

　　Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married.

　　Although he often had the opportunity，Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank，and he did not want to jeopardize his future.

　　③反义对照在表示对照的上下文中，常包含有意义相反的词语或概念，这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索，帮助我们猜度词义。常有以下一些信号词： although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary，on the other hand等。

　　例：Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.

　　Most dentists-offices are drab places，while Emilio’s new office is a bright，cheerful place.

　　④搭配集合利用词与词的搭配或该词所出现的语境，我们也能推知词义的大概轮廓。例：

　　People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket(套，壳) of the radiator.

　　A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive，well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her，he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly，dowdy wife.

　　⑤比较举例上下文中的比较和举例，能揭示比较物或列举物之间的共性，我们可根据这些共性来推知有关词语的意思。例：

　　The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.

　　Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.

　　⑥因果时间因与果、时间的先与后都是事物发展变化过程中的必然关系，在利用上下文推测词义时，这些关系也至关重要。例：

　　Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.

　　When Mark was in pedantic mood，he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring, insignificant topics.

　　⑦常识包括我们的生活经历、经验常识以及自己专业方面的知识，在阅读到与自己专业相近的文章时，我们都会感到相对容易，这正是我们的专业知识在帮我们理解。例：

　　An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.

　　An atomic clock is so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein’s relativity theories.