英语六级阅读中遇到生词 注意猜词技巧
[
08/05/22 01:31 | by admin ]
08/05/22 01:31 | by admin ]
在英语学习中，我们自然会遇到许多生词。这时，许多人立即翻阅字典，查找词义。其实，这种做法是不科学的。它不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义。猜测词义时，可利用以下线索：
一、针对性解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或 词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。
1、根据定义猜测词义
如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。
【例一】anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定义可知，anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。
【例二】In slang the term "jam" constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
同样，从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。
定义句的谓语动词多为：be， mean， deal with， be considered， to be， refer to， be called， be known as， define， represent， signify， constitute等。
2、根据复述猜测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。
1)同位语
【例一】Semantics， the study of the meaning of words， is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semanties是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semanties指“语义学”。
在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号、和括号等。
【例二】Capacitance， or the ability to store electric charge， is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.
由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义——电容量。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or， similarly， that is to say， in other words， namely， or other等副词或短语出现。
2)定语从句
【例如】Krabacber suffers from SAD， which is short for seasonal affective disorder， a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.
根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings， 我们可以推断出SAD含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。
3、根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
【例如】The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.
句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。
二、 内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1、根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。
【例一】Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother， in contrast， is quite humble and modest.
该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的，相对比的)可以提示我们：supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。
表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。
【例二】A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义——“熟练的”。
一、针对性解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或 词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。
1、根据定义猜测词义
如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。
【例一】anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定义可知，anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。
【例二】In slang the term "jam" constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
同样，从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。
定义句的谓语动词多为：be， mean， deal with， be considered， to be， refer to， be called， be known as， define， represent， signify， constitute等。
2、根据复述猜测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。
1)同位语
【例一】Semantics， the study of the meaning of words， is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semanties是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semanties指“语义学”。
在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号、和括号等。
【例二】Capacitance， or the ability to store electric charge， is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.
由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义——电容量。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or， similarly， that is to say， in other words， namely， or other等副词或短语出现。
2)定语从句
【例如】Krabacber suffers from SAD， which is short for seasonal affective disorder， a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.
根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings， 我们可以推断出SAD含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。
3、根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
【例如】The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.
句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。
二、 内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1、根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。
【例一】Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother， in contrast， is quite humble and modest.
该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的，相对比的)可以提示我们：supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。
表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。
【例二】A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义——“熟练的”。
2008年6月英语六级阅读理解专项训练(3)
[
08/05/20 10:29 | by admin ]
08/05/20 10:29 | by admin ]
"Culture shock" occurs as result of total immersion in a new culture.It happens to "people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad."Newcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language,know the customs,or understand people's behavior in daily life.The visitor finds that "yes" may not always mean "yes",that friendliness does not necessarily mean friendship,or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes.The foreigner may be unsure as to when to shake hands,when to start conversations,or how to approach a stranger.The notion of "culture shock" helps explain feelings of bewilderment and disorientation.Language problems do not account for all the frustrations that people feel.When one is deprived of everything that was once familiar,such as understanding a transportation system, knowing how to register for university classes,or knowing how to make friends,difficulties in coping whth the new society may arise.
"...when an individual enters a strange culture,he or she is like fish out of water."Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to and feel alienated from the native members of the culture.When this happens visitors may want to reject everything about the new environment and may glorify and exaggerate the positive aspects of their own culture.Conversely visitors may scorn their native country by rejecting its values and instead choosing to identify with(if only temporatily)the value of the new country.This may occur as an attempt to over-identify with the new culture in order to be accepted by the people in it.
"...when an individual enters a strange culture,he or she is like fish out of water."Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to and feel alienated from the native members of the culture.When this happens visitors may want to reject everything about the new environment and may glorify and exaggerate the positive aspects of their own culture.Conversely visitors may scorn their native country by rejecting its values and instead choosing to identify with(if only temporatily)the value of the new country.This may occur as an attempt to over-identify with the new culture in order to be accepted by the people in it.
引用
1.The expression "he or she is like fish out of water"suggests ______.
a.people away from their cultures can hardly survive in a new culture
b.a fish can not survive without water
c.people away from their culture experience mental isolation
d.people away from their culture have difficulties in new environment
2.In order to identify with the new environment,some people may ______.
a.give an exaggerated picture of their own country
b.criticize the positive aspects of their own county
c.abandon their original beliefs
d.accept a temporary set of values
3.Which of the following statements is true according to the author?
a.Perplexity results in culture shock.
b.A typical symptom of cultur shock is confusion.
c.Culture shock is the explanation of anxiety.
d.Culture shock happens to foreign students only.
4.Newcomer may worry about ______.
a.their ignorance of the alien customs
b.their knowledge of "Yes" in the native language
c.their understanding of friendship
d.their control of their behavior
5.When the foreign visitor is immersed in new problems he finds hard to cope whith,he is most likely to feel ______.
a.uninsured
b.deprived
c.alienated
d.baffled
【答案】：cbbac
【解析】：1.选Ｃ。根据下文“Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to and feel alienated from the native members of the culture.”推断本句要说明“远离自己文化背景的人，会忍受精神上的孤独”。
2.选B。由文章最后一段得知“有的人会采取认同所在地的文化价值观而贬低自己的原有文化价值观的方式，已求得当地人的接受。”
3.选B。由文中“The notion of ‘culture shock’ helps explain feelings of bewilderment and disorientation.”中bewilderment和disorientation两词含义可知。
4.选A。因为alien是生词，而另外三句话中没有生词，因此可用排除法来做此题，B、C、D选项都太片面了。
5.选C。文中在Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to and feel alienated from the native members of the culture.这句里有明显提示。
a.people away from their cultures can hardly survive in a new culture
b.a fish can not survive without water
c.people away from their culture experience mental isolation
d.people away from their culture have difficulties in new environment
2.In order to identify with the new environment,some people may ______.
a.give an exaggerated picture of their own country
b.criticize the positive aspects of their own county
c.abandon their original beliefs
d.accept a temporary set of values
3.Which of the following statements is true according to the author?
a.Perplexity results in culture shock.
b.A typical symptom of cultur shock is confusion.
c.Culture shock is the explanation of anxiety.
d.Culture shock happens to foreign students only.
4.Newcomer may worry about ______.
a.their ignorance of the alien customs
b.their knowledge of "Yes" in the native language
c.their understanding of friendship
d.their control of their behavior
5.When the foreign visitor is immersed in new problems he finds hard to cope whith,he is most likely to feel ______.
a.uninsured
b.deprived
c.alienated
d.baffled
【答案】：cbbac
【解析】：1.选Ｃ。根据下文“Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to and feel alienated from the native members of the culture.”推断本句要说明“远离自己文化背景的人，会忍受精神上的孤独”。
2.选B。由文章最后一段得知“有的人会采取认同所在地的文化价值观而贬低自己的原有文化价值观的方式，已求得当地人的接受。”
3.选B。由文中“The notion of ‘culture shock’ helps explain feelings of bewilderment and disorientation.”中bewilderment和disorientation两词含义可知。
4.选A。因为alien是生词，而另外三句话中没有生词，因此可用排除法来做此题，B、C、D选项都太片面了。
5.选C。文中在Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to and feel alienated from the native members of the culture.这句里有明显提示。
2008年6月英语六级阅读理解专项训练(2)
[ 08/05/20 10:28 | by admin ]
08/05/20 10:28 | by admin ]
The Colonel ask Ashenden a good many questions and then suggested that he had particular qualifications for the Secret Service. Ashenden knew several European languages and the fact that he was a writer provided excellent cover: on the pretext that he was writing a book he could, without attracting attention, visit any neutral country.
It was while they were discussing this point that the Colonel said,"You know you might get material that would be very useful to you in your work. I'll tell you an incident that occurred only recently. Very dramatic. A foreign government minister went down to a Mediterranean resort to fecover from a cold and he had some very important documents with him that he kept in a despatchcase.
"A day or two after he arrived, he picked up a blonde at some restaurant or other, and he got very friendly with her. He took her back to his hotel, and when he came to himself in the morning the lady and the despatch-case had disappeared. They had one or two drinks up in his room and his theory is that when his back was turned the woman slipped a drug in his glass."
"Do you mean to say that happened the other day?"said Ashenden wearily.
"The week before last."
"Impossible,"cried Ashenden. "Why, we've been putting that incident on the stage for sixty years, we've written it in a thousand novels. Do you mean to say that life has only just caught up with us?"
"Well, I can vouch for the truth of the story." said the Colonel, "And believe me, the government concerned has been put to no end of trouble by the loss of the documents."
"Well sir, if you can't do better than that in the Secret Service," sighed Ashenden, "that I'm afraid that as a source of inspiration to the writer of fiction, it's washout."
It was while they were discussing this point that the Colonel said,"You know you might get material that would be very useful to you in your work. I'll tell you an incident that occurred only recently. Very dramatic. A foreign government minister went down to a Mediterranean resort to fecover from a cold and he had some very important documents with him that he kept in a despatchcase.
"A day or two after he arrived, he picked up a blonde at some restaurant or other, and he got very friendly with her. He took her back to his hotel, and when he came to himself in the morning the lady and the despatch-case had disappeared. They had one or two drinks up in his room and his theory is that when his back was turned the woman slipped a drug in his glass."
"Do you mean to say that happened the other day?"said Ashenden wearily.
"The week before last."
"Impossible,"cried Ashenden. "Why, we've been putting that incident on the stage for sixty years, we've written it in a thousand novels. Do you mean to say that life has only just caught up with us?"
"Well, I can vouch for the truth of the story." said the Colonel, "And believe me, the government concerned has been put to no end of trouble by the loss of the documents."
"Well sir, if you can't do better than that in the Secret Service," sighed Ashenden, "that I'm afraid that as a source of inspiration to the writer of fiction, it's washout."
引用
1.How did the Colonel suggest that Ashenden's being a writer would relate to his work as a spy?
a.It would make travelling abroad more possible.
b.It would make it easier for him to meet people.
c.It would enable him to avoid arousing suspicion.
d.It would enable him to use the languages he knew.
2.The reason for the Minister's trip was ________ .
a.to fetch some documents
b.to get over an illness
c.to meet a spy
d.to deliver some papers
3.According to the Colonel the incident happened _______ .
a.a few days before
b.a few weeks before
c.two weeks before
d.sixty years before
4.Ashenden cried 'Impossible' after hearing the Colonel's story because he thought ______ .
a.it could not possibly happen
b.it was too embarrassing
c.it was too close to fiction
d.it was too recent
5.The effect of the loss of documents on the foreign government was that _______ .
a.it put an end to one source of trouble
b.it caused them a lot of inconvenience
c.they merely denied it had happened
d.they refused to believe it
【答案】：cbccd
a.It would make travelling abroad more possible.
b.It would make it easier for him to meet people.
c.It would enable him to avoid arousing suspicion.
d.It would enable him to use the languages he knew.
2.The reason for the Minister's trip was ________ .
a.to fetch some documents
b.to get over an illness
c.to meet a spy
d.to deliver some papers
3.According to the Colonel the incident happened _______ .
a.a few days before
b.a few weeks before
c.two weeks before
d.sixty years before
4.Ashenden cried 'Impossible' after hearing the Colonel's story because he thought ______ .
a.it could not possibly happen
b.it was too embarrassing
c.it was too close to fiction
d.it was too recent
5.The effect of the loss of documents on the foreign government was that _______ .
a.it put an end to one source of trouble
b.it caused them a lot of inconvenience
c.they merely denied it had happened
d.they refused to believe it
【答案】：cbccd
2008年6月英语六级阅读理解专项训练(1)
[ 08/05/20 10:21 | by admin ]
08/05/20 10:21 | by admin ]
There is evidence that the usual variety of high blood pressure is,in part,a familiar disease.Since families have similar genes as well as similar environments,familiar diseases could be due to shared genetic influences,to shared environmental factors,or to both.For some years,the role of one environmental factor commonly shared by families,namely dietary salt(i.e.,sodium chloride),has been studied at Brookhaven National Laboratory.These studies suggest that chromic excess salt ingestion can lead to high blood pressure in man and animals.Some individuals,however,and some rats consume large amounts of salt without developing high blood pressure.No matter how strictly all environmental factors were controlled in these experiments,some salt-fed animals never developed hypertension whereas a few rapidly developed very severe hypertension followed by early death.These marked variations were interpreted to result from differences in genetic constitution.
By mating is successive generations only those animals that failed to develop hypertension from salt ingestion,a resistant strain(the "R" Strain)has been evolved in which consumption of large quantities of salt fails to influence the blood pressure significantly.In contrast,by mating only animals that quickly develop hypertension from salt,a sensitive strain("S" strain)has also been developed.
The availability of these tow strains permits investgations not heretofore possible.They provide a plausible laboratory model on which to investigate some clinical aspects of the human prototypes of hypertension.More important,there might be the possibility of developing methods by which genetic susceptibility of human beings to high blood pressure can be defined without waiting for its appearance.Radioactive sodium 22 was an important "tool" in working out the characteristics of the sodium chloride metabolism.
By mating is successive generations only those animals that failed to develop hypertension from salt ingestion,a resistant strain(the "R" Strain)has been evolved in which consumption of large quantities of salt fails to influence the blood pressure significantly.In contrast,by mating only animals that quickly develop hypertension from salt,a sensitive strain("S" strain)has also been developed.
The availability of these tow strains permits investgations not heretofore possible.They provide a plausible laboratory model on which to investigate some clinical aspects of the human prototypes of hypertension.More important,there might be the possibility of developing methods by which genetic susceptibility of human beings to high blood pressure can be defined without waiting for its appearance.Radioactive sodium 22 was an important "tool" in working out the characteristics of the sodium chloride metabolism.
引用
1.The study of the effects of salt on high blood pressure was carried out ______.
a.as members of the same family tend to use similar amounts of salt
b.to explore the long-term use of a sodium based substance
c.because it was proven that salt caused high blood pressure
d.because of the availability of chemically pure salt and its derivatives
2.The main difference between "S" and "R" rats is their ______.
a.need for sodium 22
b.rate of mating
c.reaction to salt
d.type of blood
3.We can infer from the article that sodium 22 can de used to ______.
a.control high blood pressure
b.cure high blood pressure caused by salt
c.tell the "S" rats from the "R" rats
d.determine what a sodium chloride metabolism is like
4.The most beneficial results of the research might be ______.
a.development of diets free of salt
b.an early cure for high blood pressure
c.control of genetic agents that cause high blood pressure
d.the early identification of potential high blood pressure victims
5.Which of the statements best relates the main idea of this article?
a.When salt is added rats and human beings react similarly.
b.The near future will see a cure for high blood pressure.
c.The medical field is desperately in need of research.
d.A tendency toward high blood pressure may be a hereditary factor.
【答案】：acddd
a.as members of the same family tend to use similar amounts of salt
b.to explore the long-term use of a sodium based substance
c.because it was proven that salt caused high blood pressure
d.because of the availability of chemically pure salt and its derivatives
2.The main difference between "S" and "R" rats is their ______.
a.need for sodium 22
b.rate of mating
c.reaction to salt
d.type of blood
3.We can infer from the article that sodium 22 can de used to ______.
a.control high blood pressure
b.cure high blood pressure caused by salt
c.tell the "S" rats from the "R" rats
d.determine what a sodium chloride metabolism is like
4.The most beneficial results of the research might be ______.
a.development of diets free of salt
b.an early cure for high blood pressure
c.control of genetic agents that cause high blood pressure
d.the early identification of potential high blood pressure victims
5.Which of the statements best relates the main idea of this article?
a.When salt is added rats and human beings react similarly.
b.The near future will see a cure for high blood pressure.
c.The medical field is desperately in need of research.
d.A tendency toward high blood pressure may be a hereditary factor.
【答案】：acddd
2009年英语四六级考试将采用试点机考形式
[ 08/05/17 11:30 | by admin ]
08/05/17 11:30 | by admin ]
明年，四六级考试，通过听力来完成的考题比重将增大;2009年，全国将有1000个考点试点用计算机答题，考四、六级将有望实现随到随考。记者昨日获悉，继大学英语系列教材大变脸后，四六级考试听力的比重将进一步增加，作文内容也将可能由听力材料提供。
目前，经上海外语教育出版社出版的，我国首套根据教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》编写的大学英语系列教材正式出版，这意味着我国大学公共英语教材将大变脸。昨日，记者就此事采访了川内多所高校的外国语学院负责人，他们纷纷表示，教材改革是必然的，更为关键的是考试这根指挥棒的转变。
据四川大学副校长、全国四六级考委会成员石坚透露，明后年，我国四六级考试也将“大变脸”。一方面，通过听力来完成的考题比重将进一步增大。另一方面，2009年，全国将有1000个考点，试点计算机答题。
机考将逐步取代每年两次的纸制考试，采用随到随考的方式，在考试时间上对考生适当分流，今后四、六级考试“打拥堂”的现象将彻底改善。据介绍，采用机考后，题型将发生很大变化，英语作文也将探索“听力+作文”的模式，考生需要听一段听力材料，根据材料的要求进行写作。听力材料将主要来源于媒体新闻和信息。另外，为了增加对学生说的能力的考察，机考还有可能给一段语音材料，让学生复述，从而考察学生的发音和英语表达能力。
目前，具体有哪些高校参与试点还未确定。但机考将成为四六级考试发展的必然趋势，有望在全国推广。针对这项改革，目前，省内各高校都在逐步采取措施，调整教育、考试模式，让学生逐渐适应未来的机考。据西南财经大学经贸外国语学院副院长盛敏介绍，该校已在2006级学生的期末考试中试点这种新的考试模式，让学生慢慢适应。
目前，经上海外语教育出版社出版的，我国首套根据教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》编写的大学英语系列教材正式出版，这意味着我国大学公共英语教材将大变脸。昨日，记者就此事采访了川内多所高校的外国语学院负责人，他们纷纷表示，教材改革是必然的，更为关键的是考试这根指挥棒的转变。
据四川大学副校长、全国四六级考委会成员石坚透露，明后年，我国四六级考试也将“大变脸”。一方面，通过听力来完成的考题比重将进一步增大。另一方面，2009年，全国将有1000个考点，试点计算机答题。
机考将逐步取代每年两次的纸制考试，采用随到随考的方式，在考试时间上对考生适当分流，今后四、六级考试“打拥堂”的现象将彻底改善。据介绍，采用机考后，题型将发生很大变化，英语作文也将探索“听力+作文”的模式，考生需要听一段听力材料，根据材料的要求进行写作。听力材料将主要来源于媒体新闻和信息。另外，为了增加对学生说的能力的考察，机考还有可能给一段语音材料，让学生复述，从而考察学生的发音和英语表达能力。
目前，具体有哪些高校参与试点还未确定。但机考将成为四六级考试发展的必然趋势，有望在全国推广。针对这项改革，目前，省内各高校都在逐步采取措施，调整教育、考试模式，让学生逐渐适应未来的机考。据西南财经大学经贸外国语学院副院长盛敏介绍，该校已在2006级学生的期末考试中试点这种新的考试模式，让学生慢慢适应。
