第一部分 选择题型的篇章阅读理解

  这部分是考生们最为熟悉的四选一的选择题。新老试卷最大的区别就是由原来的四篇文章二十道题目变为两篇文章十道题目。而其他无论是从选材的特点,文章的长度,出题的思路,解题的技巧都是秉承了传统,考生们还是应该根据历年的真题,好好复习。从样题看,主要还是考察考生们两大能力,即主题和定位。要求考生读完一篇文章之后,能够抓住文章的主题,然后根据题干中的中心词迅速返回原文定位到一句话,最后根据同义改写的原则,选出正确答案。

  判定文章主题技巧

  有的考生认为只要不考主旨题,就没必要了解文章的主旨。其实这是一种很狭隘的错误认识,因为即使不考主题题型,在任何题型当中,如果你感觉很茫然,找不到任何定位信息的时候,你所能抓住唯一的,最后一根救命稻草就是文章的主题,题目做多了,你就会发现哪个选项和文章的主题越是接近,就越是正确答案,所以能否判定一篇文章的主题对于解题是至关重要的。下面就寻找文章的主题谈一些技巧。

  1) 读文章时重点关注文章的首段和首末句。按照西方人习惯性的思维方式和写作习惯,他们惯用的是演绎法:即文章一开始先扔出自己的核心观点,然后具体一步步论证。根据我的统计,每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句话为本段的主题句的概率分别为50%、20%、20%,三句话成为主题句的概率超过九成,当然也就成为我们阅读的重中之重。

  2) 关注一篇文章或者一段话中有没有重复出现的词或词组、有没有黑体字或者是斜体字。如果有,通常这就是文章的核心概念

  3) 问句不会是主题句。问句通常作为过渡或者是引子,因此应该忽略,真正的主题应该是这个问题的答案。

  4) 关注一些表征强转折关系的连词,如 “but, yet, however, in fact, indeed, practically, virtually”等,这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。

  5) 关注一些表征总结性,结论性的词,如 “in brief/short, above/in/after/all in all, conclusion, to sum”等,这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。

  6) 如果主题句含有show和suggest等词,重点看其后的宾语从句。

  7) 掌握一些词组强调的重点,如 “not only…, but also ***, *** as well as …, more *** than …, less …, than *** (***为强调的重点)”。

  第二部分 篇章层次的词汇理解 (Banked Cloze)

  这是一种新题型,对于众多考生而言,既陌生又有一定的难度,具有较强的区分度。从样题看,Banked Cloze考一篇长度为220个单词左右的文章,在文章当中去除了10个单词,后面有15个单词选项,要求考生选择正确的单词填入文章。该部分测试重点在于把握文章的结构,主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征以及单词在实际语境中的理解,即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的宏观结构和具体细化到每个单词的微观理解。新题型和原本的词汇题相比,更注重实际运用,从单一的一句话考察上升到篇章的理解。

  解题步骤

  1) 跳读全文,抓住中心

  首先考生应该跳读全文,根据首段原则以及首末句原则,迅速抓出文章的主题。判定文章主题对于篇章的整体把握具有很大的积极意义。

  2) 阅读选项,词性分类

  接着我们要仔细阅读选项。因为选项给我们的仅仅是一个单词,而非句子或者语段,所以考试难度就大大下降了。我们应该根据词性把每个单词进行分类归纳。如名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词各有几个选项。

  3) 瞻前顾后,灵活选择

  然后我们在选择时,可以根据空格中应填入的词性,大大缩小选择范围。根据上下文的内在逻辑结构选择合适的选项填空。

  4) 复读全文,谨慎调整

  填空完成后,再次复读全文,自我感觉上下文是否通顺、内在逻辑关系是否连贯。如有问题,也需要谨慎的微作调整。

  解题技巧

  1) 判定词性时可以重点分析动词的时态,即哪几个是一般时,哪几个是过去时又或者是过去分词。因为根据样题,它对考生不做选项改写要求,所以我们可以根据上下文时态对应的原则,给自己进一步缩小选择范围。

  2) 如果选项中出现指代词时,往往该选项不能放在首句,要注意指代成立的条件。

  3) 如果选项中出现一组反义词时,往往有一个是干扰选项,它注重考察的是对于文章框架结构的理解,要求考生理解整篇文章的语境色彩。

  4) 如果选项中出现一组近义词时,往往也有一个是干扰选项,它注重考察的是词汇的精确理解,要求考生分析清楚其细微的区别。

  5) 如果选项为连词时,要关注上下句内在的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有:因果,并列平行,递进,强对比,前后意思一致等。

  6) 要有总体观,不必按顺序作题。先把自己最有把握的词选出,然后删除该选项,为吃不准的选项缩小选择范围。

  样题解析

  When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English .Education soon became a 47. “I couldn’t understand anything,” he said. He 48 from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out.

  A) wonder I) hid
  B) acquired J) prominent
  C) consistently K) decent
  D) regained L) countless
  E) nightmare M) recalled
  F) native N) breakthrough
  G) acceptance O) automatically
  H) effective

  首先我们跳读全文,抓住文章的中心。整篇文章通过Roberto的成功例子来论证双语教育的好处。我们重点分析一下第一段,首段主题是Roberto由于不懂英语,给他产生了重大的负面作用。

  然后把选项进行归类,其中名词有E, G, N;动词包含A, B, D, I, M. 其中只有A为一般时,其余都是过去时;形容词包括F, H, J, K, L. 其中J和K意思相近;副词为C, O。

  接着我们再读原文,第47题明显应该填入一个名词,而选项中名次只有三个,我们会发现这道题目从15选1的难度已经降为3选1了。根据下文 “I couldn’t understand anything”知道上文必应填一个不好的词,那只有选E。第48题,首先这里要填一个动词,后半句出现了 came 和 thought,为了保持时态一致,该动词应该为一般过去式,只有 B 、 D 、 I 、 M 符合;其次,从意思上理解, hid from 有隐瞒、躲避某人的意思,所以该题答案选 I。确定后就可以把这两个答案从15个选项中划去,以降低以后选项的难度。大家可以根据这个方法轻松搞定后面的8个空格。
一)原因

1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.

A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).

2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.

3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...

4. The factors that contribute to this situation include...

5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that...

6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are...  

7. Part of the explanations for it is that ...

One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ...

Another contributing factor (cause ) is ...

Perhaps the primary factor is that …

But the fundamental cause is that

二)比较

1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.

2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.

3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...

4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that...

5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.   

6.Like anything else, it has its faults.

7.A and B has several points in common.

8.A bears some resemblances to B.

9.However, the same is not applicable to B.

10. A and B differ in several ways.

11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.

12. People used to think ..., but things are different now.

13. The same is true of B.

14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.

15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...

三)批驳

1)It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out.   

2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.

3) Some people say ..., but it does not hold water.

4) Many of us have been under the illusion that...

5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.  

6) It makes no sense to argue for ...

7) Too much stress placed on ... may lead to ...

8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ...

9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...

四)后果

1. It may give rise to a host of problems.

2. The immediate result it produces is ...

3. It will exercise a profound influence upon...

4. Its consequence can be so great that...

五)举例

1) A good case in point is ...

2) As an illustration, we may take ...

3) Such examples might be given easily.

4) ...is often cited as an example.

六)证明

1) No one can deny the fact that ...

2) The idea is hardly supported by facts.

3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ...

4) Recent studies indicate that ...

5) There is sufficient evidence to show that ...

6) According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...

七)开篇

1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ...

2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.

3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.

4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ...

5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ...

6) Never in our history has the idea that ... been so popular.

7) Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ...

8) According to a recent survey, ...

9) With the rapid development of ..., ...

八)结尾

1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ...

2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...

3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...

4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...

5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.

6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...

7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.

8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.

9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ...

10) Taking all these into account, we ...

11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...

(原因)列举类:

  1)first, second, third, last but not least

  2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally

  4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly

  5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

  6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

  7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

  8)most important of all, moreover, finally

  9)on one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

  10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

  补充:

  besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

  转折:

  despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

  原因:

  then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

  举例:

  To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example

  比较:

  相似的比较:

  in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

  相反的比较:

  on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …

  换言之:

  in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply

  开头:

  1.表示开头的句型

                                                                                    
            

·with the

            
            

development

            

improvement

            

rise

            

growth

            

recognition

            

realization

            

acknowledgement

            
            

of ..., we

            
            

learn

            

know

            

see

            

find

            

feel

            
            

that ...

            
  With the development of traffic tools, the communication between us becomes more and more frequent. No matter where your friends and relatives live, it is always very easy to pay a visit to them if you would like. Therefore, when you meet an old friend on a strange street, you may exclaim: " Oh, what a small world."
                                                                                    
            

·With the

            
            

rapid

            

amazing

            

marked

            
            

            
            

development

            

increase

            

growth

            

expansion

            
            

of economy, China has become

            

increasingly prosperous

            
  With the help of the computer, this project was completed much earlier than planned.

  With a will of iron and a heart of love, Mother Teresa served the dying and desperate in India and around the world.

                                                            
            

·

            
            

as far as...is concerned

            

When it comes to...

            

In the case of

            
            

就……来说

            

  正反观点对比:

                                                                                    
            

·Some people

            
            

believe

            

say

            

maintain

            

advocate

            

advise

            

hold

            

think

            

claim

            
            

that..., while

            

others

            
            

say

            

believe

            

maintain

            

think

            

claim

            

advocate

            

argue

            

propose

            
            

that...

            

 一方观点:

                                                                                                
            

·Now people in

            
            

growing

            

increasing

            

significan

            
            

numbers are

            
            

beginning

            

coming

            
            

to

            
            

realize

            

recognize

            

understand

            

accept

            

be aware

            

Error Correction (15 minutes)

       Few football grounds boast a more prestigious 
address than the Bernabeu, lies as it does on the 1. ____
Castellana,the threelining highway that runs through 2.____
the heart of Madrid. 
As Real date back to 1902, when the Sociedad 3. ____
Madrid Football Club was formed, it was not until 
1920 when the club was granted permission to use the 4. ____
Real (royal) prefix. Work began on the current
stadium in October 1944. The land had been purchased
on three million pesetas; construction costs totalled a 5. ____
further 38 million, a staggered sum for the time. The 6. ____
cost of the new stadium led to claims, never proving, 7. _____
that Real had received financial aid from General
Franco’s government. Under Bernabeu’s patronage,
Real Madrid became the greatest club side ever, won 8. ____
the European Champions Cup a record five times in a
row between 1956 and 1960, a remarkable feat that
is unlikely to be challenged. 
Madrid lies, quite literally, at the heart of
Spain.This is no small coincidence that the capital’s 9. ____
leading football club is seen like a symbol of all 10. ____
things Spanish, just as FC Barcelona is a beacon for
the independent Catalan spirit.


答案:

1.【参考答案】将lies改为lying。

【参考译文】 没有别的体育场位置能与伯纳贝乌体育场位置相媲美了,它位于卡斯特拉纳,位于穿越马德里市中心这条高速公路的三叉路口。
【试题分析】 本题辨析主句与分词状语关系的误用。
【详细解答】 lies as it does on the Castellana ,虽然主语应该是Bernabeu,但由于前面Few football grounds boast a more prestigious address thantheBernabeu是比较级的句子,而且比较对象很明确:是Few football grounds 与the Bernabeu,而lies的误用,导致了句子结构的混乱。鉴于lies as it does…是对the Bernabeu的补充说明,故将lies改为lying,使之与后面的句子变成状语,就解决了问题。

2.【参考答案】将threelining改为threelined。

【参考译文】 译文同上句。
【试题分析】 本题辨析分词作定语时的误用。
【详细解答】 threelining与其修饰词highway的逻辑关系是被动的。而现在分词往往是与其修饰词的关系是主动的。因此,将threelining改为threelined。

3.【参考答案】将as改为Though。

【参考译文】 尽管皇家马德里队的历史可追溯到1902年索西达德马里足球俱乐部队成立之时,但是直到1920年,俱乐部才被允许在其名字之前 冠以“皇家”二字。
【试题分析】 本题辨析连接词的误用。
【详细解答】 Real date back to 1920与it was not until 1920 that the club was granted permission to use the Realprefix之间的逻辑关系应是转折关系,而as的误用导致了关系的混乱。改为表示转折的Though/Although。

4.【参考答案】将when改为that。

【参考译文】 译文同上句。
【试题分析】 本题辨析连接词的误用。
【详细解答】 强调句与定语从句的区别主要有两点:引导词与引导词前后的句子的结构。强调句的连词除了强调人可以是who 以外,都用that。另外一点,强调句前半部分是“It is…”,句意不完整,that后面的部分也不完整,只有将It is …that中间的成分移到后面才完整。本句是强调句,而不是定语从句,故when属误用,须将when改为that。5.【参考答案】将on改为for。
【参考译文】 购买体育场地皮花去300万比赛塔,建造费用总共达3800万比赛塔。
【试题分析】 本题辨析介词的误用。
【详细解答】 介词的作用在英语中的作用是不容忽视的,每一个介词都有其独特的用途。on除了表示时间,空间位置外,还可以表示“在……方面”,不表示花费多少钱。故句中on属误用,将之改为表示数目多少的介词“for”。

6.【参考答案】将staggered改为staggering。

【参考译文】 在当时,这是一笔令人惊愕的数目。
【试题分析】 本题辨析同源的形容词的误用。
【详细解答】 以“ed”结尾的形容词主语一般修饰人,表示“感到……的”,以“ing”结尾的形容词一般修饰非生命的“物”,表示“令人……的”,句中sum是staggered逻辑主语,故staggered属误用,将之改为staggering。

7.【参考答案】将proving改为proven。

【参考译文】 新建体育场的巨大耗资引起了许多传言,还说皇家马德里队曾接受过佛朗哥政府的资助,但从未得到证实。
【试题分析】 本题辨析做状语时,分词的误用。
【详细解答】 never proving是主句The cost of the new stadium led to claims的分词状语,proving的逻辑主语是that Real had received financial aid from General Franco’s government,在关系上与proven属被动,因此,proving属误用,改为proven。

8.【参考答案】将won改为winning。

【参考译文】 在伯纳贝乌的资助下,皇家马德里最终成为最优秀的一支俱乐部足球队,在1956年至1960年期间,这支球队五连冠夺得欧洲足球冠军杯。
【试题分析】 本题辨析分词在作状语时的误用。
【详细解答】 由won开始的状语短语,逻辑主语是Real Madrid,主语和won的逻辑关系是主动的。won是误用,因此改为winning。

9.【参考答案】将This改为It。

【参考译文】这支首都著名足球俱乐部队被视为西班牙民族精神的象征,就像巴塞罗那足球俱乐部队是独立的加泰罗尼亚精神的标志一样,这绝不是巧合。
【试题分析】 本题辨析作形式主语时代词的误用。
【详细解答】 本句是长句子,真正的主语是that后面的部分。为了保持句子的平衡,将较长的主语放在后面,而将 it放在句首,做形式主语,是英语惯用的手段。而本句用this作形式主语是不合适的,故改为it。
10.【参考答案】将like改为as。

【参考译文】 译文同上句。
【试题分析】 本题辨析将介语用作连词的误用。
【详细解答】 在作“像……”这一意思时,like虽与as词意看似相似,但用法区别很大。like是介词,连接名词或代词,as是连词,连结句子,而FG Barcelona is a beacon for the independent Catalan spirit是个句子,故like属误用,应改为as。
      临近四级考试还有一个月的时间,不妨将该月平均划分三期,前10天为第一期,中间10天为第二期,最后10天为第三期(可按自身情况制定不同时间间隔,但确保三阶段)。之所以如此,是基于所谓的过程化管理理论,即将目标散化并合理置于各管理阶段中,以有效完成阶段性管理任务,从而实现最终目标。而且,从实际操作角度来说,对三个10天的分别操控,难度上大大低于对一个30天的操控,考生可以在充实有效地复习过程中不知不觉完成最后的备考直至冲刺。

  那么这三期中,前期重点为阅读和听力,中期重点为写作(含翻译)和听力。最后一期为全套模拟题训练。之所以如此安排,是因对阅读和写作而言,前者目标更难达至,故置前,只因阅读作为一种输入过程,不由己身,视输入对象而有不同心理感触和答题反应;而写作,作为一种输出过程,由己而发,得分高低跟内心句型储存量成正比,在模版盛行的今天,倒是可以通过多背记一些普适性优秀句型,从而得分,不会毫无斩获。另外,这三期中听力是从始至终贯穿的,它除了起到良好的催眠作用外,每天坚持两个小时的精听和一个小时的泛听对提高听力成绩很有帮助,它最能证明坚持就是胜利的道理。精听可以往年真题或模拟题(甚或六级听力题目)为材料,并做题,重点是长对话和短文听力,泛听即找来一些新闻类(BBC/VOA/CRI)或者网络下载听力材料进行训练,无需做题。相信这样点面结合,坚持30天左右,会亲眼看到成效。

  下面是具体的操作建议:

  (1)前期----第一个10天期间,重点:阅读和听力

  上午:首先阅读然后听力。题目来源即是往年真题,若已做过,再快速做一遍,对于曾做错的题目进行重复回看,教训要吸取,痛楚要记恨,如:“沉着气地将四个选项看完后再做选择,不可轻易选择着急付出”,并将此类教训醒目地贴于每天必看之处,(如床头,镜前等等)。做完上述内容后若有时间,还可选择近几年的六级阅读进行训练。其实阅读过程最是学习过程,很多人通过备考,英语水平提高了,这其中,大量阅读题目的练习,功不可没。做题时要全神贯注,抓紧时间,自我营造考场气氛,不可拖沓没有管束,因为四级考试是限时考试,不仅要求正确度,还要求速度。无他,唯手熟而。另外,在阅读中遇见的好句型,尤其是那些读后令人微笑的句子不妨及时采集,通过背诵从而拥有它们。对于听力,前面已有所述。下午:做一篇作文。所以前期至少可以完成10篇作文,不过,可预见的是由于上午的辛劳,下午的写作可能已经无力而为,那么,晚上进行一篇吧。

  上述过程,重复10天,试一下,一生也就这么一回。
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