英语六级考试网(CET6)

　　英语和汉语是两种差异比较大的语言，英语重形合，汉语重意合。有人把英语句子比喻为“树木丛生、干枝纠缠的树林”，脉络难析，主次难辨，而把汉语句子比喻为“枝干分明的竹林”，脉络清晰，主次易辨。翻译时，根据表达习惯，英语、汉语的句子结构有时需要进行相应的转换。英汉语复合句中主句和从句之间的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全一致，因此，翻译时，也时常需要根据表达习惯，对句序进行相应的调整。

　　现代翻译理论认为，句子是最重要的翻译单位。大学 英语四级考试中的翻译题型也是以句子翻译为主。考生如果能够熟练掌握句子翻译的基本方法，那么对于处理四级考试中的句子翻译题必将是如虎添翼。这里着重介绍常用的句子翻译方法：正反、反正表达法，分句、合句法。

　　一、   正反、反正表达法

　　由于民族文化和思维方式不同，英汉两种语言在表达同一概念时所采用的方式就有所不同。在表达否定概念时，英语和汉语使用的词汇、语法、语言逻辑就有很大的差异。汉语中有些词、短语或者句子是从反面表达的，而译成英语时则需要从正面进行表达，如例1、例2、例3。反之，汉语中有些从正面表达的词、短语或者句子，译成英语时需要从反面进行表达，如例4、例5、例6。此外，汉语还有一些特殊的句子结构，如双重否定(例7)、否定转移(例8)在译成英语时也需要引起我们的注意。

　　I.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达

　　例1：他提出的论据相当不充实。

　　译文：The argument he put forward is pretty thin. (词)

　　例2：我们确信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。

　　译文：We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. (短语)

　　例3：他七十岁了，可是并不显老。

　　译文：He was 70, but he carried his years lightly. (句子)

　　II.汉语从正面表达，译文从反面表达

　　例4：他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。

　　译文：He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. (词)

　　例5：调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。

　　译文：The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease. (短语)

　　例6：这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。

　　译文：Such actions couldn’t long escape notice. (句子)

　　III.特殊的否定句式

　　例7：有利必有弊。

　　译文：There is not any advantage without disadvantage. (双重否定)

　　例8：我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。

　　译文：In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews. (否定转移)

　　二、　分句、合句法

　　很多情况下，翻译句子的时候，需要调整原来的句子结构，分句法和合句法是调整原文句子的两种重要的方法。所谓分句法就是把原文的一个简单句译为两个或两个以上的句子。所谓合句法就是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。

　　I.分句法

　　汉译英时，需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。如以下五个例子：

　　例1. 少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。(按内容层次分译)

　　译文： Youth will soon be gone， never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.

　　例2. 她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。(从主语变换处分译)

　　译文： Looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast asleep.

　　例3. 声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减，但不受气压的影响。(从关联词处分译)

　　译文： The speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls with decrease in temperature. It is not affected by the pressure of the air.

　　例4. 我们的政策是实行“一个国家，两种制度”，具体说，就是在中华人民共和国内，有着十多亿人口的大陆实行社会主义制度，香港、台湾地区实行资本主义制度。(原文出现总说或分述时要分译)

　　译文： We are pursuing a policy of “one country with two systems.” More specifically, this means that within the People’s Republic of China, the mainland with its more than one billion people will maintain the socialist system, while Hong Kong and Taiwan continue under the capitalist system.

　　例5. 我们主张对我国神圣领土台湾实行和平统一，有关的政策，也是众所周知和不会改变的，并且正在深入人心。(为了强调语气而采用分译)

　　译文： We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred territory. Our policy in this regard is also known to all and will not change. The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation.

　　II.合句法

　　英汉两种语言的句子结构不完全相同，尽管英语句子日趋简洁，但是从句套从句，短语含短语的句型也是频频出现。一般而言，一个英语句子的信息包含量要大于一个汉语句子，因此，我们在做汉译英的时候，常常把汉语的两个句子，甚至更多句子，合译成英语的一句。使用合句法还可以使译文紧凑、简练。如以下三个例子：

　　例6：一代人与一代人之间的冲突，也就是年轻人与老年人的冲突，似乎是最可笑的。因为这就是现在的自己与将来的自己，或者说过去的自己与现在的自己的冲突。(在关联词处合译)

　　译文：A conflict between the generations between youth and age seems the most stupid, for it is one between oneself as one is and oneself as one will be, or between oneself as one was and oneself as one is.

　　例7：对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。(从主语变换处合译)

　　译文：To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.

　　例8：第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。(按内容连贯合译)

　　译文：The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers, giving more details.

　　Ø During the meeting,hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him 他一开始说话，就被听众打断了

　　Ø surrounded by the police, the kidnappers had no choices but to surrender on the spot (没有选择，只能投降)

　　Ø The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son’s having been admitted to the university(她的儿子被大学入取了)

　　Ø The lecture was so boring that the students couldn’t help yawning(学生忍不住打起哈欠)

　　Ø I‘ll be very grateful if you could be kind enough to give me a ride to school(好心载我一程去学校)

　　Ø (除非你和保险公司签订了货物保险合同)Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled to a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.

　　 Ø It is reported that local health organization was established 25 years ago(据说当地的卫生组织25年前就成立了)when Dr.Mark became its first president.

　　Ø Mrs.Smith shut the window lest the noise outside (should) interfere with her son’s sleep(外面的噪声会影响她儿子睡觉)

　　Ø The new mayor was charged with failure to fulfill his promise to decrease the inflation rate(未能履行他降低通货膨胀率的承诺)
　　Ø When confronted with such question, my mind goes blank(每当我遇到这类问题，我脑袋一篇空白)，and I can hardly remember my won date of birth.

　　Ø The customer complained that no sooner had he started the computer than it stopped working(他刚启动计算机，它就不运转了)
　　Ø What upset me was not what he said but the way he said it.(不是他说的话，二十他说话的方式)

　　Ø This piece of writing is more like a news report than a short story.(与其说是短篇小说，还不如说是新闻报道)

　　Ø The court ruling deprive him of his political right.(剥夺他的政治权力)

　　Ø Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, while animal behavior depends mostly on instinct.(然而动物的行为主要依靠本能)。

　　Ø The growth of part- time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, enables more women to take full advantages of employment of opportunities. (使得更多的妇女能够充分利用就业机会)

　　Ø The likely reactions of the market needs considering carefully before action are token(在采取行动之前需要认真考虑)

　　Ø He made such a contribution to the university that they named one of the buildings after him(以他的名字为其中一栋楼命名)
　　 Ø He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considering insufficiently popular with all members(因为考虑他无法得到全体成员的欢迎)

　　Ø Americans eat twice more protein than (两倍多的蛋白质)they actually need every day。

　　Ø When you speak English, your pronunciation should be correct, otherwise you can’t make yourself understood.(否则人家就听不懂你的意思了)

　　 Ø My little daughter Marry, began to adapt herself to campus life after entering college for three months. (进入大学三个月后开始慢慢适应校园生活)

　　Ø Many drivers think it necessary that the government should lay down more stricter traffic rules(政府制定更加严格的交通规则)
　　Ø Depending on what you are looking form you have to judge for yourself, how relevant the material to you(這些材料對你來說有多大相關性)

　　 Ø The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished. (等到完成的時候恐怕早就失去了所有價值)

　　Ø It was imperative that the secretary get these documents prepared before Tuesday.(秘書在周二之前把這些文件準備好)

　　Ø No matter how frequently performed,(無論多麽頻繁的演奏)the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.

　　Ø To minimize the possibility of theft,(爲了最大限度的減少盜竊的發生的可能性), install a good alarm system.

　　 Ø I don’t think it is wise of you to show off your greater knowledge in front of the director. (我認爲在把主任面前賣弄你懂得更多知識是不明智的)，for it may offend him.

　　 Ø With repeated hacker’s attack on your system, we came to realized the necessity of hiring a computer security expert. (我
們正逐漸意識到請一位計算機安全專家的必要性)

　　Ø Your work is good on the whole, but there is still room for improvement(但是仍然有需要改善的餘地)

　　Ø The sun gives off light and warmth, which makes it possible for plants to grow(這使得植物生長成爲可能)

　　Ø The father thought he could talked his daughter into changing her mind(他可以説服女兒改變主意)

　　Ø Nowadays advertising fees of new products are out of proportion to the cost of production.(與生産成本不成比例)

　　Ø Few people don’t complain about the tedium of their jobs(很少人不抱怨工作点掉乏味), but they will feel more bored if they do not work.

　　Ø Henry has prepared a party for his girl friend, only to be told that she could not come by then(结果却被告知他到时候不能来)
　　Ø The chief reason for the population growth is more a fall in death rate than a rise in birth rates.

      Ø Ture friendship foresees the needs of others rather than proclaims of ones’ own.(而不是声明自己的要求)

　　 Ø although I liked the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it (但真正让*考试&大我觉得买下它的)was the bearutiful view through the window。

　　Ø The government was accused of failure to fulfill its to improve urban traffic conditions.(没能实现其改善城市交通状况的承诺)

　　Ø only in this way could we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.(我们才能在毕业之后尽快适应社会)

　　Ø No sooner had I lit the candle than it was put out(我刚点着蜡烛，就*考试&大被风吹灭了)

　　Ø Surrounded by the police, the kidnappers had no choices but to surrender on the spot(没有选择只好当场投降)

　　 Ø I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to write off my debt in return for certain services(作为一些服务的回报，我的老板慷慨的同意将我的欠款一笔勾销)

　　Ø Being out of work and having two children, the couple found it impossible to make ends meet(夫妻两发现勉强维持升级是不能的)

　　Ø Generally speaking, when taken according to the direction(按照说明服用时), the drug has no side effect。

　　Ø Some people argue that most crime can be attributed to the greed for money.(可归咎于对金钱的贪婪)

　　Ø Finding it difficult to adapt to that climate there(发现很难适应那里的气候), he decided to move to the north.

　　Ø Over a third of the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.(没有机会享受医疗保健服务)

    2008年12月英语六级备考训练-翻译（七）

　　1.(如果你设法与Smith先生取得联系)___the problem will be solved easily because he is an expert in this field.

　　2.The problem lies in how people look at those students ___(专心追求知识的).

　　3.On Children’s Day, kids ___有资格免费进入) to all the city parks.

　　4.The restaurant next door serves good food, but the one across the street is much better ___(就服务而言).

　　5.___(每当天气不好时), he takes whatever umbrella he can find.　　


　　答案解析：

　　1. manage to get in touch with Mr Smith
　　【超级短语】manage to do表示成功地做成某事，不成功不可以用。

　　2.who are
　　kownledge-oriented/absorbed acquiring kownledge
　　【超级单词】sth.-oriented追求…，orient n.东方adj.东方的，上升的vi.向东
　　vt.使适应、确定方向。oriented导向的，其实这里可以很多种译法。

　　3.are entitled to free admissions
　　【超级单词】be entitled to do sth. 对...享有权利, 值得; 有(做某事)的资格[权利]

　　4.as far as
　　the service is concerned
　　【超级单词】so/as far as…be
　　concerned就……而言，concerned用作形容词解作“有关的”时，是后置定语，大都放在它所修饰的名词之后。

　　5.whenever
　　the weather is bad
　　【超级单词】whenever无论何时, 随时n.只要，这个好像不怎么难～呵

2008年12月英语六级备考训练-翻译（六）

　　1.The number of the students in this city has _____ (增加了6倍) in comparison with 2001.

　　2. _____ (有些大一新生打定主意) to pursue a master’s degree after undergraduate studies.

　　3. _____ (不管任务多么艰巨), we must fulfill it in time.

　　4.He had understood nothing, _____ (也没尝试着去) understand.

　　5. _____ (随着时间的流逝), they forgot their bitter sufferings.

　　参考答案:

　　1. increased 6 times

　　2. Some　freshmen make up their minds

　　3. No matter how hard the task is　However hard the task is　No matter how hard the task may be　However hard the task may be　　

　　4.nor did he try to

　　5.With the passage of time

      2008年12月英语六级备考训练-翻译（五）

　　1.__________________ （直到失去健康） that people know the value of health.

　　2.The bag was stuffed____________________( 脏衣服）

　　3.___________________ （很多朋友不在）， we decided to put the meeting off.

　　4._______________________ （给我印象最深的） were her liveliness and sense of humor.

　　5.There engines are___________________ （不如我们制造的那些发动机功率大） .

　　参考答案及解析:

　　1. It is not until they lose it
　　大家对not until/until的用法掌握比较好，不过比较少人用it来替代下文的health，答案的替代比较简洁，翻译中应该避免重复使用同一个词。

　　2.with dirty clothes
　　这里主要是考察be stuffed with （被填满）的用法，这是一个四级单词，是搭配问题。

　　3.With many friends absent
　　这里主要是考察对absent adj./vi./absence n.缺席的各种表达，如果按照原文“不在”翻译，显然比较生硬且与下文不符，因此要善于根据上下文推断原文意思。

　　4.What impressed me the most
　　名词性从句what impressed me the most，有部分沪友遗漏了其中的“the”，表示最高级一般都要使用定贯词the，如the largest、the hardest等。

　　5. less powerful than the ones we have made
　　很多人都用比较级，可是却忽略了比较级是用在形容词/副词上的，如faster、bigger、more beautiful等。因此这里应该用power的形容词powerful，另要强调机器是我们制造的－we have made.