2007年12月英语六级备考-改错（十）
[
07/12/02 00:10 | by admin ]
07/12/02 00:10 | by admin ]
短文改错(Error Correction)
Prolonging human life has decreased the dependency load. In all societies ___1___
people are disable or too young or too old to work are dependent on the ___2___
rest of society to provide them. In hunting and gathering cultures old people ___3___
who could keep up might be left behind and die. In times of famine infants ___4___
might be allowed to die because they could not survive when their parents
starved; whereas when their parents survived they could have another child.
In most contemporary societies people feel it a obligation to keep people
live whether or not they can work. There are a great many people who live ___5___
the past age in which they want to work or are able to work; there are rules ___6___
that require people to retire at a certain age. If these people are able to save ___7___
money from their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the Unite
states many people live on social security checks, which are so considerable ___8___
that they must live in near poverty.
Elder people are more liable to become ill than young or middle-aged people; ___9___
therefore they are wealthy or provided with private or government insurance, ___10___
they must often “go on welfare” if they fall seriously ill.
答案及解析:
1. decreased -> increased
根据下文提示，退休的老年人由工作的壮年人为其提供生活补助，可知此处地意思是“人类寿命的延长会增加社会负担”，所以此处应该用increased。
2. people后加who或that
分析句子结构，此句出现了两个谓语（系动词）are，故有一个必是从句。根据句子的主干可知，前部分are disable or too young or too old to work应该是定语从句，且缺少了引导词，又因为先行词是people，故加上相应的引导词that或who。
3. provide后加for
此处从句的意思是“没有工作能力的人由有工作能力的人来养活”。provide for sb是“养活某人”的意思。
4. could后加not
根据上下文理解，此处的意思应该是“老年人跟不上时代步伐，将被弃之不管或死去”。故要在could后加not。
5. live -> alive
这里是词组keep sb alive。
6. in -> at
此处的意思是“今天还有很多人超过了能够工作的年龄…..”。定语从句的先行词是age，复原后的词组是at the age。故用at which。
7. If -> Unless
意思是“除非人们能位退休后的生活存钱，否则必须由别人来养活他们”。
8. considerable -> little
根据上下文的理解，在美国，许多人靠社会救济生存，这笔钱很少，以至于人们生活在贫困的边缘。
9. Elder -> Older
elder意为“年龄较长的；资格老的，地位高的”，older意为“上年纪的”。此处指的是老年人，故用older。
10. therefore -> unless
意思是“除非他们富有或有政府或私人的保险，否则生病时只能依靠救济金”。故将therefore改为unless。
Prolonging human life has decreased the dependency load. In all societies ___1___
people are disable or too young or too old to work are dependent on the ___2___
rest of society to provide them. In hunting and gathering cultures old people ___3___
who could keep up might be left behind and die. In times of famine infants ___4___
might be allowed to die because they could not survive when their parents
starved; whereas when their parents survived they could have another child.
In most contemporary societies people feel it a obligation to keep people
live whether or not they can work. There are a great many people who live ___5___
the past age in which they want to work or are able to work; there are rules ___6___
that require people to retire at a certain age. If these people are able to save ___7___
money from their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the Unite
states many people live on social security checks, which are so considerable ___8___
that they must live in near poverty.
Elder people are more liable to become ill than young or middle-aged people; ___9___
therefore they are wealthy or provided with private or government insurance, ___10___
they must often “go on welfare” if they fall seriously ill.
答案及解析:
1. decreased -> increased
根据下文提示，退休的老年人由工作的壮年人为其提供生活补助，可知此处地意思是“人类寿命的延长会增加社会负担”，所以此处应该用increased。
2. people后加who或that
分析句子结构，此句出现了两个谓语（系动词）are，故有一个必是从句。根据句子的主干可知，前部分are disable or too young or too old to work应该是定语从句，且缺少了引导词，又因为先行词是people，故加上相应的引导词that或who。
3. provide后加for
此处从句的意思是“没有工作能力的人由有工作能力的人来养活”。provide for sb是“养活某人”的意思。
4. could后加not
根据上下文理解，此处的意思应该是“老年人跟不上时代步伐，将被弃之不管或死去”。故要在could后加not。
5. live -> alive
这里是词组keep sb alive。
6. in -> at
此处的意思是“今天还有很多人超过了能够工作的年龄…..”。定语从句的先行词是age，复原后的词组是at the age。故用at which。
7. If -> Unless
意思是“除非人们能位退休后的生活存钱，否则必须由别人来养活他们”。
8. considerable -> little
根据上下文的理解，在美国，许多人靠社会救济生存，这笔钱很少，以至于人们生活在贫困的边缘。
9. Elder -> Older
elder意为“年龄较长的；资格老的，地位高的”，older意为“上年纪的”。此处指的是老年人，故用older。
10. therefore -> unless
意思是“除非他们富有或有政府或私人的保险，否则生病时只能依靠救济金”。故将therefore改为unless。
2007年12月英语六级备考-改错（九）
[ 07/11/12 10:15 | by admin ]
07/11/12 10:15 | by admin ]
本期练习重点：
从句关系代词误用、从句类型混淆、平行结构
1. Government reports, exmaination compositions, legal documents
and most business letters are the main situations which formal ___1___
language is used.
2. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new born babies
in that region, which results were surprising. ___2___
3. In spite of which has recently been done to improve the conditions ___3___
of elementary schools a great number of children are still unable
to go to school.
4. It was not until the accident happened when I became aware of ___4___
my foolishness.
5. How abundant certain natural resources may be, they cannot ___5___
reproduce themselves and are bound to be used up ultimately.
6. The news which he will take over his father’s business does not ___6___
surprise us at all.
7. Nutritionists believe what diet affects how one feels physically ___7___
and emotionally.
8. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，not make ___8___
it more difficult．
9. We’ve installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, that should ___9___
make great differences in our life next summer.
10. On Saturday afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, buying ___10___
some bananas and visited her cousin．
11.After three days’ waiting, there was a little doubt in the
mother’s mind that the police could find her lost child. ___11___
12. It is the ability to do the job which matters ,not where you come ___12___
from or what you are.
13. Agriculture was a step in human progress to that subsequently ___13___
there was not anything comparable until our own mahine age.
14. We often take it for granted much of our world has been exposed ___14___
and explained by science.
15. Which is annouced in today’s newspaper, the Shanghai Export ___15___
Commodities Fair is also open on Sunday.
答案及解析:
1. which -> where或which前加in
situation在后面从句formal language is used作状语。本句的意思是：政府报告、考试作文、法律文件和大多数商贸信函都用正是语言。
2. which -> whose
本句意思是：对这一地区新生儿死亡率进行调查，其结果令人吃惊。这里的whose results表示调查的结果。
3. which -> what
what 引导名词性从句作in spite of 的宾语，整个介词结构作状语。意思是：尽管最近为提高小学教育条件作了些事，但仍然有很多孩子无法上学。
4. when -> that
这里是it is…that…的强调句型。无论强调句子的什么成分，如时间状语、地点状语等，都只用that引出句子的其他部分，而不用when、where和which；在强调人时还可以用who (whom)。
5. How -> However
本句意思是：不管某些自然资源多么丰富，它们不会再生，终究要被用完的。这里用however引导让步状语从句。
6. which-> that
这里的that引导的是一个同位语从句。
7. what -> that或what -> /
此处的that引导的是一个宾语从句，不做任何成分，也可以省略。 what 在引导名词性从句时，在从句中作一定的成分（宾语，主语），例如：I don't agree with what you said，这里what作said的宾语，整个名词性从句 what you said作agree with的宾语。
8. not后加to
否定词not在此处起并列作用，连接两个to make．．．，to make．．．形成平行结构，to make．．．，to make．．．在句中作表语。
9. that -> which
此处引导的是非限定性定语从句，不能用that。
10. buying -> bought
并列连词and前面是一般过去时went，后面是一般过去时 visited，因此，两者之间也应该用一般过去时bought，以保持时态一致。went．．．，bought．．．和visited．．．三个并列谓语表示按时间先后顺序发生的动作。
11. that -> whether
本句的意思是：等了三天之后，那位母亲有点怀疑警察是否能够找到她失踪的儿子。
12. which -> that
同第4题。
13. that -> which
此处是“介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句。这里的介词to是与从句中的comparable搭配的。本句的意思是：农业的出现是人类进步的里程碑，从那以后直到我们进入机器时代之前，一直没有任何文明可以与之相提并论。
14. granted后加that
take …for granted意为“认为…理所当然”，是固定搭配。此处的 it .是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的从句, 所以要加上that。
15.Which -> AS
根据语法规则，as充当关系代词，可构成非限制性定语从句，as指代后面的整个句子。which引导的非限制性定语从句一般不能置于句首。
2007年12月英语六级备考-改错（七）
[ 07/10/29 17:20 | by admin ]
07/10/29 17:20 | by admin ]
引用
真题演练
Until recently, dyslexia and other reading problems were
a mystery to most teachers and parents. As a result, too many
kids passed through school without master the printed page. ___1___
Some were treated as mentally deficient: many were left
functionally illiterate (文盲的)，unable to ever meet their
potential. But in the last several years, there’s been a
revolution in that we’ve learned about reading and dyslexia. ___2___
Scientists are using a variety of new imaging techniques to
watch the brain at work. Their experiments have shown that
reading disorders are most likely the result of what is, in an effect, ___3___
faulty wiring in the brain—not lazy, stupidity or a poor home ___4___
environment. There’s also convincing evidence which dyslexia ___5___
is largely inherited. It is now considered a chronic problem
for some kids, not just a “phase”. Scientists have also
discarded another old stereotype that almost all dyslexics are
boys. Studies indicate that many girls are affecting as well ___6___
and not getting help.
At same time, educational researchers have come up ___7___
with innovative teaching strategies for kids who are having
trouble learning to read. New screening tests are identifying
children at risk before they get discouraged by year of ___8___
frustration and failure. And educators are trying to get the
message to parents that they should be on the alert for the
first signs of potential problems.
It’s an urgent mission. Mass literacy is a relative new ___9___
social goal. A hundred years ago people didn’t need to be
good readers in order to earn a living. But in the Information
Age, no one can get by with knowing how to read well and ___10___
understand increasingly complex material.
英语六级综合改错题解题策略
[ 07/10/29 17:15 | by admin ]
07/10/29 17:15 | by admin ]
综合改错题是大学英语六级考试中一个重要的题型，它要求考生在 15 分钟内找出在一篇 200—250 词的短文内的 10 处错误（每行不超过一处错误，但不包括拼写或标点的错误），并根据上下文，在错误的地方增、删、改正、替换某一个词或词组，使短文语意连贯，结构正确。
综合改错题的难度较大，它主要测试考生的英语综合理解与表达能力。它不但要求考生有扎实的语言基础知识（如词汇、语法等），而且要求考生有较强的语篇理解能力与表达能力，以及利用上下文进行逻辑推理的能力。
综合改错题是六级考试中独有的题型，其他题型在四级考试中都出现过，大多数学生已掌握了一定的解题技巧，可谓 “ 熟门熟路 ” ，而综合改错题的解题技巧则有待摸索、掌握；同时综合改错题的内容比较广泛，无论是语法、词汇、篇章理解、逻辑判断等都可能成为改错的对象；与完形填空及词汇题相比，后者有明确的目标与给定的选项，而改错题右边虽有标志行，却仍需考生去捕捉错误，并纠正过来，给出正确的形式，这些都为综合改错题增加了难度。
总体而言，综合改错题的命题内容有如下三大方面：（ 1 ）词汇用法（ 2 ）篇章理解（ 3 ）语法知识。以下摘录历年六级考试综合改错题中出现的有关词汇用法和篇章理解方面的错误进行具体地分析。
一、词汇用法错误
1 ．固定搭配错误：主要是一些常用介词短语、动词短语、形容词短语的误用，另外，一些固定句型中词汇的搭配也容易出错。对付此类错误的方法是大量记忆，熟悉这些固定的搭配。
例 1 ：．．． about an American who had been invited to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East ．（ 2000 年 6 月第 75 题）
at 应改为 in ， in the country 为固定介词短语搭配。
例 2 ：．．．， but such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients ．（ 1993 年 6 月第 75 题）
in 应改为 on ， dependent on 为固定的形容词短语搭配。
例 3 ： However ， a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good m anners ．（ 2000 年 6 月第 73 题）
as 应改为 than ， more ．．． than ．．．为固定句型搭配，表示 “ 与其说 …… 不如说 ……” 。
2 ．单词的混用：这种错误是指误用了某个在形式或意义上与正确的单词相似的单词。
例 1 ： Between sunrise and sunset ， streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars ， buses and trucks ．（ 1995 年 6 月第 73 题）
原文讲述噪音污染，所以，此处的 voice 应改为 noise 。
例 2 ： Im mediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked ， to him ， very much as a napkin ．（ 2000 年 6 月第 78 题）
此处 as 应改为 like ， as 与 like 都可作介词用，表示 “ 像 …… 一样 ” 时，应用 like ，而 as 表示 “ 作为 ……” 。
二、篇章理解错误
1 ．语意的颠倒：这类错误多指在语意表达上用了相反的词，造成上下文逻辑推理上的自相矛盾。做题前如先阅读全文，领会上下文承接关系与语意关系将裨益无穷。
例： If he was present because of sickness ， there was often no job for him when he returned ．（ 1994 年 1 月第 76 题）
显然，将 present 改为 absent 才合乎逻辑。
2 ．指代关系的错误：这类错误主要指由于人称代词、物主代词及指示代词的误用，导致指示不清、逻辑混乱，甚至前后矛盾。细心推敲和全局观念是破解此类错误的杀手锏。
例 1 ： A break in their employment ， or a decision to work part time ， will slow its raises and promotions ．（ 1996 年 1 月第 75 题）
从原文看，此处指妇女涨工资、被提升的速度会大大地减缓。所以， its 应改为 their （妇女的）。
例 2 ：．．．， he finds it pleasing he is influ-encing people ： they are drawn to them ．（ 1995 年 1 月第 78 题）
从文中看， them 应改为 him ，指人们为他所吸引。
3 ．连接词与关系词的错误：这类错误主要出现在定语从句与状语从句中，正确地分析句与句之间的逻辑关系，才能选择合适的连接词与关系词。
例 1 ： It appears that we all find company in sound ， if we all demand a little quiet from time to time ．
原文讲述噪音污染，从上下文看，前后两句之间应为转折关系，而非条件关系，所以，连词 if 应改为 but 或 though 。
例 2 ： Instead ， this other person told us a story ， it he said was quite well known ．．．
后半句显然是一个非限制性定语从句修饰 story ，所以，应将 it 改为关系词 which 。
一般而言，做综合改错题可遵循以下步骤：速读，把握主旨 看标志行，找词汇错误 找语法错误 分析逻辑，推理错误的可能性 重读全文，检查复核文字是否正确、合理。
总之，要想从根本上提高做综合改错题的能力，考生就要打好扎实的英语基础，有丰富的词汇用法、固定搭配及句式结构知识等。同时，在平日英语学习的过程中，要多多阅读，培养英语的语感，提高语篇理解能力，增强自己辨错、纠错的能力。
综合改错题的难度较大，它主要测试考生的英语综合理解与表达能力。它不但要求考生有扎实的语言基础知识（如词汇、语法等），而且要求考生有较强的语篇理解能力与表达能力，以及利用上下文进行逻辑推理的能力。
综合改错题是六级考试中独有的题型，其他题型在四级考试中都出现过，大多数学生已掌握了一定的解题技巧，可谓 “ 熟门熟路 ” ，而综合改错题的解题技巧则有待摸索、掌握；同时综合改错题的内容比较广泛，无论是语法、词汇、篇章理解、逻辑判断等都可能成为改错的对象；与完形填空及词汇题相比，后者有明确的目标与给定的选项，而改错题右边虽有标志行，却仍需考生去捕捉错误，并纠正过来，给出正确的形式，这些都为综合改错题增加了难度。
总体而言，综合改错题的命题内容有如下三大方面：（ 1 ）词汇用法（ 2 ）篇章理解（ 3 ）语法知识。以下摘录历年六级考试综合改错题中出现的有关词汇用法和篇章理解方面的错误进行具体地分析。
一、词汇用法错误
1 ．固定搭配错误：主要是一些常用介词短语、动词短语、形容词短语的误用，另外，一些固定句型中词汇的搭配也容易出错。对付此类错误的方法是大量记忆，熟悉这些固定的搭配。
例 1 ：．．． about an American who had been invited to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East ．（ 2000 年 6 月第 75 题）
at 应改为 in ， in the country 为固定介词短语搭配。
例 2 ：．．．， but such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients ．（ 1993 年 6 月第 75 题）
in 应改为 on ， dependent on 为固定的形容词短语搭配。
例 3 ： However ， a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good m anners ．（ 2000 年 6 月第 73 题）
as 应改为 than ， more ．．． than ．．．为固定句型搭配，表示 “ 与其说 …… 不如说 ……” 。
2 ．单词的混用：这种错误是指误用了某个在形式或意义上与正确的单词相似的单词。
例 1 ： Between sunrise and sunset ， streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars ， buses and trucks ．（ 1995 年 6 月第 73 题）
原文讲述噪音污染，所以，此处的 voice 应改为 noise 。
例 2 ： Im mediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked ， to him ， very much as a napkin ．（ 2000 年 6 月第 78 题）
此处 as 应改为 like ， as 与 like 都可作介词用，表示 “ 像 …… 一样 ” 时，应用 like ，而 as 表示 “ 作为 ……” 。
二、篇章理解错误
1 ．语意的颠倒：这类错误多指在语意表达上用了相反的词，造成上下文逻辑推理上的自相矛盾。做题前如先阅读全文，领会上下文承接关系与语意关系将裨益无穷。
例： If he was present because of sickness ， there was often no job for him when he returned ．（ 1994 年 1 月第 76 题）
显然，将 present 改为 absent 才合乎逻辑。
2 ．指代关系的错误：这类错误主要指由于人称代词、物主代词及指示代词的误用，导致指示不清、逻辑混乱，甚至前后矛盾。细心推敲和全局观念是破解此类错误的杀手锏。
例 1 ： A break in their employment ， or a decision to work part time ， will slow its raises and promotions ．（ 1996 年 1 月第 75 题）
从原文看，此处指妇女涨工资、被提升的速度会大大地减缓。所以， its 应改为 their （妇女的）。
例 2 ：．．．， he finds it pleasing he is influ-encing people ： they are drawn to them ．（ 1995 年 1 月第 78 题）
从文中看， them 应改为 him ，指人们为他所吸引。
3 ．连接词与关系词的错误：这类错误主要出现在定语从句与状语从句中，正确地分析句与句之间的逻辑关系，才能选择合适的连接词与关系词。
例 1 ： It appears that we all find company in sound ， if we all demand a little quiet from time to time ．
原文讲述噪音污染，从上下文看，前后两句之间应为转折关系，而非条件关系，所以，连词 if 应改为 but 或 though 。
例 2 ： Instead ， this other person told us a story ， it he said was quite well known ．．．
后半句显然是一个非限制性定语从句修饰 story ，所以，应将 it 改为关系词 which 。
一般而言，做综合改错题可遵循以下步骤：速读，把握主旨 看标志行，找词汇错误 找语法错误 分析逻辑，推理错误的可能性 重读全文，检查复核文字是否正确、合理。
总之，要想从根本上提高做综合改错题的能力，考生就要打好扎实的英语基础，有丰富的词汇用法、固定搭配及句式结构知识等。同时，在平日英语学习的过程中，要多多阅读，培养英语的语感，提高语篇理解能力，增强自己辨错、纠错的能力。
2007年12月英语六级备考-改错（六）
[ 07/10/25 15:06 | by admin ]
07/10/25 15:06 | by admin ]
本期重点：逻辑错误
1、逻辑反义词。即短文中的错误单词和上下文的逻辑关系不符，恰巧是正确答案的反义词，例如将buy说成sell，easy说成hard等；还有就是按上下文的语义，句中多用或少用了not或no。这类错误必须在透彻理解上下文语意的基础上才能发现并改正。
2. 连接词错误。指短文中前后两句话或者两段落间的连接词未能正确地体现前后文之间的逻辑关系。常见的有并列连词but, and, for, or的混淆和误用；主从连词because, as, if, although, before, after等的混淆和误用；连接性副词however, moreover, therefore等的混淆和误用； 连接性介词because of, despite, besides, instead of等的混淆和误用。
考点例析：
例1：In the 1950s, the
introduction of antibiotics (抗菌素) strengthened the
trend in rich countries, and the antibiotics were allowed
to be imported to poor countries. S6._____ （2001.6）
解析： import意为“进口，输入”，export意为“出口，输出”。根据本句大意，进出口的对象为发达国家生 产的抗菌素，显然只能“出口”到贫困国家。此外，根据介词也可以判断，import常与from搭配， export常与to搭配。故应该将imported改为exported。
例2：In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the
child’s acquisition of each new skill --- the first spoken words,
the first dependent steps, and the beginning of writing or reading. ________
解析：根据上文的意思，应该是“每个家长都很渴望自己孩子能学到新的本领---第一次说话，独自走的第一步，写或读的开始”。破折号后面是举例说明skill。Dependent意为“依靠的依赖的”，既然是新的本领，那也就应该是“独自走的第一步”，故将deoendent改为independent。
例3：As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or
more clothes to wear. Therefore they may want more and better 1.______
care from doctors, detists and hospitals. They are likely to travel
more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs 2.______
are available in these jobs.
【解析】
1. 前一句话的大意是“当人们收入增加时（物质条件得到了改善），人们不需要更多吃的和穿的”。后一句所表达的是人们希望得到更多医疗条件上的改善。经此分析，可知两句话的关系应为转折关系，故将Therefore改为But。
2. 上一句说“他们可能会去旅游和想得到更多的教育”。根据下文“越来越多这样的工作都能找到”。由此可判断这两句之间应该是因果关系，故将Nevertheless改为Therefore或Thus。
1、逻辑反义词。即短文中的错误单词和上下文的逻辑关系不符，恰巧是正确答案的反义词，例如将buy说成sell，easy说成hard等；还有就是按上下文的语义，句中多用或少用了not或no。这类错误必须在透彻理解上下文语意的基础上才能发现并改正。
2. 连接词错误。指短文中前后两句话或者两段落间的连接词未能正确地体现前后文之间的逻辑关系。常见的有并列连词but, and, for, or的混淆和误用；主从连词because, as, if, although, before, after等的混淆和误用；连接性副词however, moreover, therefore等的混淆和误用； 连接性介词because of, despite, besides, instead of等的混淆和误用。
考点例析：
例1：In the 1950s, the
introduction of antibiotics (抗菌素) strengthened the
trend in rich countries, and the antibiotics were allowed
to be imported to poor countries. S6._____ （2001.6）
解析： import意为“进口，输入”，export意为“出口，输出”。根据本句大意，进出口的对象为发达国家生 产的抗菌素，显然只能“出口”到贫困国家。此外，根据介词也可以判断，import常与from搭配， export常与to搭配。故应该将imported改为exported。
例2：In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the
child’s acquisition of each new skill --- the first spoken words,
the first dependent steps, and the beginning of writing or reading. ________
解析：根据上文的意思，应该是“每个家长都很渴望自己孩子能学到新的本领---第一次说话，独自走的第一步，写或读的开始”。破折号后面是举例说明skill。Dependent意为“依靠的依赖的”，既然是新的本领，那也就应该是“独自走的第一步”，故将deoendent改为independent。
例3：As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or
more clothes to wear. Therefore they may want more and better 1.______
care from doctors, detists and hospitals. They are likely to travel
more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs 2.______
are available in these jobs.
【解析】
1. 前一句话的大意是“当人们收入增加时（物质条件得到了改善），人们不需要更多吃的和穿的”。后一句所表达的是人们希望得到更多医疗条件上的改善。经此分析，可知两句话的关系应为转折关系，故将Therefore改为But。
2. 上一句说“他们可能会去旅游和想得到更多的教育”。根据下文“越来越多这样的工作都能找到”。由此可判断这两句之间应该是因果关系，故将Nevertheless改为Therefore或Thus。
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